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: Party-list representation in the House of Representatives of the Philippines refers to a system in which 20% of the House of Representatives is elected. While the House is predominately elected by a plurality voting system, known as a first-past-the-post system, party-list representatives are elected by a type of party-list proportional representation. Under-represented sectoral groups, such as labor, peasant, urban poor, indigenous cultural communities, women, youth, and other sectors as may be provided by law except the religious sector, may participate in the party-list election. The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines created the party-list system. The determination of what parties are allowed to participate—who their nominees should be, how the winners should be determined, and the allocation of seats for the winning parties—has been controversial ever since the party-list election was first contested in 1998 and has resulted in several landmark Commission on Elections (COMELEC) and Supreme Court cases. Party-list representatives are determined in a party-list election, where the voter votes for the party and not for the nominees (closed list), the votes are then arranged in descending order, with the parties that won at least 2% of the national vote are given one seat, with additional seats determined by a formula depending on the number of votes garnered, with no party winning more than three seats. If the number of sectoral representatives does not reach 20% of the total number of representatives, parties that haven't won seats are given a seat each until the 57 seats are filled up. A voter therefore has two parallel votes in House of Representatives elections—for district representative and for the party-list representative. Neither vote affects the other. Party-list representation makes use of the tendency for proportional representation systems to favor single-issue parties, and applies that tendency to allow underrepresented sectors to represent themselves in the law-making process. ==Manner of election== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Party-list representation in the House of Representatives of the Philippines」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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